Journal Article: Online and Hardcopy (The DOI is required only for online articles)

Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational
     judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk
     or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. doi:10.1207
     /s15327965pli0302_13

Journal Article: from a database without a DOI

Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised planet: Alliances and struggles of
     the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s.
     The Aging Male, 6(3), 175-182. Retrieved from Academic Search
     Premier database.

Magazine Article

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain:
     Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.

Newspaper Article

Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes
     explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles
     Times, p. A3.

Book

Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history
     of the future. New York: Pocket Books.

Book Article or Chapter

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according
     to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic
     (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Encyclopedia Article

Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana
     (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

ERIC Document

Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next
     generation: Conflicts between brothers. Annual Meeting of the
     Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document
     Reproduction Service No. ED 364932). Retrieved from http://www
     .eric.ed.gov/

Websites

Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved
     October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club
     Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep
     /503r.html

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion
     Laboratory. (2007). Mission could seek out Spock's home planet.
     Retrieved January 7, 2009, from PlanetQuest: Exoplanet Exploration
     Web site: http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/planetVulcan.cfm

The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007).
     Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek: Official Site Web site:
     http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article
     /2310913.html

Wiki

Star trek planet classifications. (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from
     Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_planet
     _classifications

PowerPoint Presentation

Oard, D. W. (2001). Bringing Star trek to life: Computers that speak and
     listen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Maryland
     TerpConnect Web site: http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard/papers
     /cpsp118t.ppt

Parenthetical References

The sources that you use should be cited in the text of your paper, either in a parentheses or as part of the text itself:

During the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation (Hodges, 2000).

Hodges (2000) discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation.

In a 2000 article, Hodges discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation.

The references above refer to the entire source in a general way. If you are referring to a specific part of the source - or quoting exactly - include the specific page number(s) of that part:

(Hodges, 2000, p. 179)

(Devine & Sherman, 1992, pp. 156-157)

(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2007, para. 3)   [document has a corporate author]

(The Roddenberry legacy, 2007, paras. 5-6)   [document has no author; see notes]

("Star trek planet classifications," n.d., Other classes section, para. 2)   [document has no author; see notes]

Sources with three through five authors:

(Kirk, Spock, McCoy, & Scott, 1966, p. 1701)   [for the first time you cite it]

(Kirk et al., 1966, p. 1701)   [for all other times you cite it]

Sources with six authors or more:

(Picard et al., 1987, p. 1701d)   [for every time you cite it, but include up to six authors in the full reference, followed by ", et al." if there are more]

Notes

• If you are using the style for Copy Manuscripts, doublespace all lines. If you are using the style for Final Manuscripts, singlespace all lines and skip a line in between each reference. Ask your professor which style to follow.
• Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc.
• Indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch.
• Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
• If no author is given, start with the title and then the date. Note that an organization can also be an author (a "corporate author"). See examples under websites.
• Article titles, book titles, and webpage titles: capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle. (Capitalize all significant words of periodical titles and website titles.)
• If you are using a typewriter that cannot produce italics, then use underlining instead.
• APA Style no longer makes a distinction between periodicals that are paginated continuously throughout a volume or paginated individually with each issue beginning at page one. In both cases, include the issue number if one is provided.
• DOI: Digital Object Identifier is a string of numbers (and/or letters) assigned to individual journal articles as well as to some other publications. The database may provide the DOI as part of the citation, or you may have to look at the top or bottom of the first page of the article to find it. If a document has a DOI, then you do not need to include a database name or website address (URL).
• If you retrieve an online magazine, newspaper, book, or encyclopedia from one of our databases, include the DOI or database name as shown under the examples for journals. You do not need to include the place of publication for books retrieved from the databases.
• Websites:
  • If the date the page was created is not given, use (n.d.). See example under wiki.
  • Include the date that you looked at the page for websites that may change over time. Websites providing journal articles and books are less likely to be changed and do not require retrieval dates.
  • If the URL does not fit on one line, divide it before any punctuation marks (except for the "http://").
• Parenthetical References:
  • If there is no author, use the first few words of the title. Article and chapter titles are placed in quotation marks. Book, webpage, and periodical titles are placed in italics. Note that an organization can also be an author (a "corporate author").
  • If two authors have the same last name, include the first initial(s).
  • Use only the year, even if the full citation in the reference list includes the month and day. If you cite the same source a second time in the same paragraph, you do not need to mention the year a second time.
  • If there are no page numbers, you can count the paragraph numbers or list the name of a section or leave it out if neither of these is practical.
• The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
• Our website also has guide to APA citation style that's tailored for international business sources.
• A little bit of additional information is available on the official website, APA Style.org.
• For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual.

• Other Styles